Several other illegal markets rapidly took its place after its shutdown. It allowed users to sell and buy illegal drugs and other commodities in a format similar to that of eBay. Until it was closed down by the FBI in September 2013, Silk Road was the most prominent of these. THS is most well-known for criminal markets. It is difficult to give an accurate overview of what THS are used for, as there is no central record and many addresses only exist for a short time. states that about 1.5% of traffic on the Tor Network is from users accessing the THS the bulk of traffic is users accessing the open web. Thus no single entity (including Internet Service Providers and Tor Project Inc., which maintains the Tor Network) knows about a Tor user's online behaviour, such as which websites they have visited.
The Tor network uses a multi-layered system of encryption, and relays information in such a way that it is difficult for any one part of the system to link communication partners. Users can download free software onto their computer to access the Tor Network. How does Tor work and who uses it?Ī global network of approximately 6,000 computers provided by volunteers forms the ‘Tor Network'. Most of the current debate on the ‘darknet' is concentrated around THS. However, Tor also enables users to publish anonymous web services via ‘Tor Hidden Services' or THS. It is used for a variety of reasons, such as to circumvent censorship, to carry out under cover undercover online surveillance, or for peer-to-peer file sharing. Most Tor users simply use it to browse the open web without revealing who they are. The most popular of these is called ‘Tor', with an estimated 2.5 million users daily worldwide. Only a small proportion use sophisticated anonymity systems that offer stronger protection. Most internet users who wish to hide their identity take simple measures, such as using pseudonyms on social media sites.
How can website operators conceal their identity? This is what is commonly referred to as the ‘darknet'. However a very small part of the deep web consists of websites which allow their operators to conceal their identity if they wish to, using sophisticated anonymity systems. They are mainly standard personal or corporate web pages such as photo collections or intranet pages. In contrast to the open web, it consists of web pages that cannot be found by popular search engines like Google. This part of the web is known as the ‘deep web'. The vast majority of web pages are invisible to most casual internet users.
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